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A free body is a concept used in physics and engineering to analyze the forces and moments acting on an object in isolation. A free body diagram (FBD) is a graphical representation of a free body, showing all the external forces and moments that act on it. FBDs are useful tools for solving problems involving statics, dynamics, and mechanics of materials.

To draw a FBD, one needs to follow these steps:

1. Identify the object of interest and isolate it from its surroundings. This may involve simplifying the shape of the object or cutting it into parts.
2. Draw a sketch of the object, using a dot, a point, or a simple shape. Indicate the dimensions, coordinates, and orientation of the object if necessary.
3. Draw and label all the forces and moments that act on the object. These may include gravitational force, normal force, friction force, tension force, applied force, spring force, etc. The direction and magnitude of each force and moment should be indicated by an arrow and a symbol, respectively. The point of application of each force and moment should also be shown.
4. Choose a coordinate system and a sign convention for the forces and moments. This will help to write the equations of equilibrium or motion for the object.
5. Apply the appropriate physical laws or principles to solve for the unknown forces, moments, or displacements of the object. These may include Newton’s laws of motion, conservation of energy, conservation of momentum, etc.

Here is an example of a FBD for a block resting on a ramp:


The free body is the block, which is isolated from the ramp and the ground. The forces acting on the block are the weight ($W=mg$), the normal force ($N$) from the ramp, and the friction force ($f$) from the ramp. The weight is acting downward at the center of mass of the block, the normal force is acting perpendicular to the ramp at the contact point, and the friction force is acting parallel to the ramp at the contact point. The angle of the ramp is $theta$, and the coefficient of friction between the block and the ramp is $mu$. The coordinate system is chosen such that the positive $x$-axis is along the ramp and the positive $y$-axis is perpendicular to the ramp. The sign convention is that the forces and moments in the positive direction are positive, and those in the negative direction are negative.

To find the normal force and the friction force, we can apply the equations of equilibrium for the block,

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